A Review of Empirical Studies
نویسنده
چکیده
advantages and limitations compared with those of traditional shopping, the characteristics of e-shoppers, and the factors affecting the adoption and usage of e-shopping. Since the late 1990s, a growing number of empirical studies have addressed these questions. For example, Chang et al. (5) classified the determinants of e-shopping behavior into three categories: perceived characteristics of the web as a sales channel, online consumer characteristics, and vendor and product characteristics. E-stores both compete with and complement retail stores. Retailers, real estate developers, and urban planners are interested in the geographic distribution of online buyers and the impacts of online buying on land use development. This knowledge is critical because the proliferation of e-shopping may change the operation of retail businesses and land use patterns over time and hence shopping behavior in the long run (6–10). Transportation planners focus on the effects of e-shopping on individuals’ activity travel patterns and on patterns of freight transport. Changes in freight transport can result from the growth of delivery trips to consumers and the bypass of wholesalers and retailers in the network from manufacturers to consumers (6). The potential of e-shopping to substitute for traditional shopping and reduce personal shopping travel has important implications for travel demand management and congestion mitigation. According to the 2001 National Household Transportation Survey, on average, shopping travel accounted for 14.4% of annual vehicle miles traveled (VMT) per household and 21.1% of annual vehicle trips per household (11). Therefore, the rise of e-shopping could have the potential to reduce traffic if it replaces physical shopping. In contrast, if e-shopping induces new shopping trips, e-shopping is likely to generate more personal travel on existing transportation systems. Little empirical work has been conducted to relate e-shopping to spatial attributes and travel behavior, however. In particular, how does the adoption and usage of e-shopping differ by geographical area (such as urban and exurban areas) or shopping accessibility? How (and to what extent) does e-shopping affect individuals’ physical shopping and activity participation? What are the implications for land use and transportation planning? Recently, a number of geographers and planners have paid attention to these issues. Among other studies, two Ph.D. dissertations from Utrecht University, the Netherlands, are notable. From a consumer perspective, Farag (2) addressed the impacts of geography on e-shopping and the interactions between e-shopping and traditional shopping. Weltevreden (12) focused on both consumers and retailers and examined the connections between e-shopping and city center shopping. As the number of e-shopping studies grows, it is appropriate to evaluate the progress that has been made and to consider the improveE-Shopping, Spatial Attributes, and Personal Travel A Review of Empirical Studies
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